![]() Ear Hear 30:234–237.įletcher H, Munson WA (1933) Loudness, its definition, measurement and calculation. Percept Psychophys 62:1505–1511.Įpstein M, Florentine M (2009) Binaural loudness summation for speech and tones presented via earphones and loudspeakers. Sov Phys Acoust 14:326–332.Įllermeier W, Faulhammer G (2000) Empirical evaluation of axioms fundamental to Stevens’ ratio-scaling approach: I. 359–368.ĭubrovskii NA, Chernyak RI (1969) Binaural summation of differently correlated noises. In: Kollmeier B, Klump G, Hohmann V, Langemann U, Mauermann M, Uppenkamp S, Verhey J (eds), Hearing – from Sensory Processing to Perception. 14.1–14.7.Ĭulling JF, Edmonds BA (2007) Interaural correlation and loudness. In: Harris CM (ed), Handbook of Acoustical Measurements and Noise Control. J Acoust Soc Am 101:669–680.Ĭrocker MJ (1991) Measurement of sound intensity. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.īuus S, Florentine M, Poulsen T (1997) Temporal integration of loudness, loudness discrimination, and the form of the loudness function. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.īlauert J (2005) Communication Acoustics. 593–609.īlauert J (1997b) Spatial Hearing – The Psychophysics of Human Sound Localization. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. In: Gilkey RH, Anderson TR (eds), Binaural and Spatial Hearing in Real and Virtual Environments. ![]() ![]() Environ Int 16:523–531.īlauert J (1997a) An introduction to binaural technology. New York: American Institute of Physics.īerglund B, Preis A, Rankin K (1990) Relationship between loudness and annoyance for ten community sounds. 23.1–23.41.īech S (1998) Calibration of relative level differences of a domestic multichannel sound reproduction system. In: Boff KR, Kaufman L, Thomas JP (eds), Handbook of Perception and Human Performance Vol. Percept Psychophys 46:155–166.Īrditi A (1986) Binocular vision. Percept Psychophys 46:567–578.Īlgom D, Rubin A, Cohen-Raz, L (1989b) Binaural loudness and temporal integration of the loudness of tones and noises. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.Īlgom D, Ben-Aharon B, Cohen-Raz, L (1989a) Dichotic, diotic, and monaural summation of loudness: a comprehensive analysis of composition and psychophysical functions. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Any malfunctioning or individual differences on either side may affect the transduction of pressure waves in the surrounding medium to auditory percepts in the brain, be it peculiarities in the shape of the torso, head, and pinnae, or differences in the peripheral or central auditory pathways (for a review of the physiology of hearing, see Pickles 2008). The brain then utilizes information at the auditory cortices on both sides in forming auditory percepts, such as loudness. The nerve signals from the two ears are combined in the superior olivary complex and higher up in the auditory pathways. ![]() The cochlea converts the vibrations into electrical signals that are sent via the auditory nerve fibers to the cochlear nuclei. The pressure variations cause the eardrums to vibrate, and the bones of the middle ear transmit the vibrations to the liquid-filled cochlea in the inner ear. In a normally functioning system, acoustical pressure waves are picked up by the eardrums at the end of each ear canal. The human auditory system is binaural, that is, it consists of two ears that are positioned on the two sides of the head.
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